Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Working Capital Concepts. 1

The Nature of Working Capital 1

The Importance of Working Capital 4

The Optimum Amount of Working Capital 4

Zero Working Capital 4

Working Capital for a Growing Business. 5

Working Capital for a Declining Business. 8

Responsibility for Working Capital 8

Chapter 2 - Cash and Investment Management. 10

Reasons to Hold Cash. 10

The Cash Forecast 10

The Short-Term Cash Forecast 11

The Medium-Term Cash Forecast 14

The Need for Cash Concentration. 15

Cash Sweeping. 16

The Zero Balance Account 17

Multiple Sweep Arrangements. 18

Manual Sweeping. 18

Sweeping Rules. 18

Sweep Problems. 19

Sweep Costs. 19

Summary. 20

Notional Pooling. 21

Notional Pooling Problems. 21

Notional Pooling Costs. 22

Summary. 22

Multi-Tiered Banking. 22

Hybrid Pooling Solutions. 22

Cash Concentration Best Practices. 22

Cash Concentration Alternatives. 23

Investment Guidelines. 24

Investment Strategy. 26

Types of Short-Term Investments. 28

Money Market Funds. 28

Commercial Paper. 28

Certificates of Deposit 29

Bankers’ Acceptances. 29

U.S. Government Debt Instruments. 29

Chapter 3 - Receivables Management. 32

The Receivables Component of Working Capital 32

Receivables Strategy. 32

Credit Exposure Risk. 34

Internal Credit Rating System.. 34

Third Party Credit Ratings. 36

Credit Insurance. 37

Terms Alterations. 38

Receivables Financing. 38

Portfolio Approach to Risk. 38

Cross-Selling Credit Exposure Risk. 39

Early Payment Discounts. 40

Billing Impact on Working Capital 40

Collections Management 41

Other Cash Acceleration Techniques. 42

Receivables Measurements. 43

Days Sales Outstanding. 44

Bad Debt Percentage. 45

Receivables Aging Report 45

Chapter 4 - Inventory Management. 48

The Inventory Conundrum.. 48

Effective Inventory Management 49

Reduce Product Options. 49

Shift Ownership. 49

Reduce Inventory Reserves. 50

Compress the Process. 50

Rationalize Distribution. 51

Prevent Obsolete Inventory. 52

Engage in Rapid Disposition. 53

Improve Inventory Records. 53

Adjust Policies. 54

Additional Concepts. 54

Produce to Order (Pull) System.. 55

The Focus of Inventory Analysis. 56

Responsibility for Inventory Reduction. 56

Inventory Measurements. 56

Inventory Turnover Ratio. 57

Raw Materials Turnover. 57

Work-in-Process Turnover. 58

Finished Goods Turnover. 59

Returnable Inventory Valuation. 60

Opportunity Cost of Excess Inventory. 60

Chapter 5 - Payables Management. 63

Terms Enhancement 63

Effective Payables Management 64

Float 64

Early Payment Discounts. 65

Payables for Distressed Businesses. 66

Supplier Signaling. 67

Special Situations. 68

Payables Measurements. 68

Chapter 6 - Asset-Based Lending. 71

The Line of Credit 71

Invoice Discounting. 71

Inventory Financing. 72

The Borrowing Base. 72

Inventory as Collateral 74

Answers to Course Questions. 76

Glossary. 86

Index. 88

 

Final Examination...............................................................................................................................................91