Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Overview of the Nonprofit Entity. 1

Definition of a Nonprofit Entity. 1

Nonprofit Organizational Structure. 5

Chapter 2 - Basic Nonprofit Accounting Concepts. 8

Double Entry Bookkeeping. 8

The Journal Entry. 9

The Accounting Equation. 9

The Chart of Accounts. 12

The Accrual Basis of Accounting. 14

The Cash Basis of Accounting. 14

The Modified Cash Basis of Accounting. 15

Converting Cash Basis to the Accrual Basis. 15

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 16

Net Assets. 17

Net Assets without Donor Restrictions. 17

Net Assets with Donor Restrictions. 17

Net Assets Summary. 17

The Release from Restriction Concept 18

Inter-Fund Receivables and Payables. 18

Board-Designated Funds. 19

Program Identification. 19

The Management and Administration Classification. 20

The Fundraising Classification. 20

Bookkeeping Concerns. 21

Case Study. 22

Chapter 3 - Nonprofit Financial Statements. 28

The Statement of Financial Position. 28

The Statement of Activities. 33

The Statement of Cash Flows. 36

The Direct Method. 36

The Indirect Method. 38

How to Prepare the Statement of Cash Flows. 39

Reporting of Expenses by Nature and Function. 41

Financial Statement Disclosures. 43

Chapter 4 - Revenue Accounting. 47

Types of Revenue. 47

Promises to Give. 49

Pass-Through Contributions. 50

Exchange Value. 52

Transfers of Assets. 52

Discounts from Revenue. 52

Sales Taxes. 52

The Allowance for Uncollectible Pledges. 52

Restricted Fund Releases. 53

Revenue Journal Entries. 53

Special Reporting Considerations. 54

Revenue Recordkeeping. 55

Revenue Disclosures. 61

Chapter 5 - Government Grants. 63

Overview of Government Grants. 63

Grant Accounting. 63

Income from Government Grants. 65

Credits on Expenditures. 65

Grant Reporting. 66

Chapter 6 - Investment Accounting. 69

Contributed Investments. 69

Purchased Investments. 69

Subsequent Measurement of Investments. 69

Gains and Losses on Investment 70

The Equity Method of Accounting. 70

Investment Disclosures. 73

Chapter 7 - Inventory Accounting. 76

The Periodic Inventory System.. 76

The Perpetual Inventory System.. 77

Inventory Costing. 79

The First in, First Out Method. 79

The Last in, First Out Method. 81

The Specific Identification Method. 82

The Lower of Cost or Market Rule. 82

Inventory Disclosures. 84

Chapter 8 - Fixed Asset Accounting. 87

Initial Recognition of Fixed Assets. 87

The Capitalization Limit 88

Restrictions on Contributed Assets. 89

Valuation of Contributed Assets. 89

Valuation of Contributed Services. 90

Valuation of Art and Similar Items. 90

Depreciation of Fixed Assets. 91

Depreciation Accounting Entries. 93

Accumulated Depreciation. 93

Asset Impairment 94

Recordation of Fixed Assets. 95

Fixed Asset Disclosures. 96

Chapter 9 - Lease Accounting. 99

The Nature of a Lease. 99

Lease Components (Lessee) 101

Initial Direct Costs. 102

Lease Consideration. 102

The Lease Term.. 102

Initial Measurement of Lease Payments. 103

Subsequent Measurement of Lease Payments. 104

Types of Leases. 104

Asset and Liability Recognition (Lessee) 105

Initial Measurement 105

Short-Term Leases. 105

Finance Leases. 106

Operating Leases. 107

Right-of-Use Asset Impairment 108

Leasehold Improvement Amortization. 108

Subleases. 108

Maintenance Deposits. 109

Derecognition. 109

Elections. 109

Discount Rate. 109

Separation of Non-Lease Components. 109

Sale and Leaseback Transactions. 110

Lease Disclosures. 111

Lessee Disclosures. 111

Sale and Leaseback Transactions. 113

Chapter 10 - Pension Plan Accounting. 115

Overview of Retirement Benefits. 115

Defined Benefit Plans. 115

Expense Attribution for Delayed Vesting. 118

Discount Rates. 119

Settlements and Curtailments. 119

Termination Benefits. 120

Combined Pension Plans. 121

Defined Contribution Plans. 121

Presentation of Retirement Benefit Information. 121

Retirement Benefit Disclosures. 122

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosures. 122

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosures. 124

Chapter 11 - Joint Costs and Allocations. 127

Costs of Activities that Include Fundraising. 127

Allocations. 131

Disclosures. 134

Chapter 12 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. 137

Changes in Accounting Principle. 137

Changes in Accounting Estimate. 138

Changes in Reporting Entity. 138

Correction of an Error in Previously Issued Financial Statements. 138

Corrections Related to Prior Interim Periods. 139

Chapter 13 - Fair Value. 141

The Fair Value Concept 141

Fair Value Differences from Actual Prices Paid. 142

Fair Value Measurement Approaches. 143

Fair Value Option. 145

Chapter 14 - Other Accounting Topics. 147

Petty Cash. 147

Interest in a Perpetual Trust 149

Receivables. 149

Contingent Liabilities. 150

Line of Credit 150

Disclosures. 151

Chapter 15 - Split-Interest Agreements. 154

Split-Interest Agreements. 154

Types of Split-Interest Agreements. 154

Accounting for Split-Interest Agreements. 155

Initial Measurement 156

Ongoing Measurement 157

Termination. 158

Classification of Net Assets. 158

Disclosures. 158

Chapter 16 - Affiliated Organizations. 161

Affiliated Organizations. 161

Special Purpose Entities. 163

Noncontrolling Interests. 163

Related Parties. 164

Disclosures. 164

Revenue Sharing. 164

Consolidated Financial Statements. 164

Noncontrolling Interests. 165

Related Party Transactions. 165

Chapter 17 - Mergers & Acquisitions. 168

The Nonprofit Merger. 168

The Nonprofit Acquisition. 168

Identifiable Assets and Liabilities, and Noncontrolling Interests. 171

Goodwill Calculation. 173

Contribution Received. 173

Presentation Issues. 173

Goodwill Testing. 174

Disclosures. 177

Merger Disclosures. 177

Acquisition Disclosures. 178

Chapter 18 - Nonprofit Tax Reporting. 182

Overview of the Form 990. 182

The Form 990. 185

The Form 990-EZ. 187

The Form 990-N.. 189

The Form 990-T. 189

Form 1099-MISC.. 190

Form W-2. 192

Form W-3. 195

Payroll Taxes. 197

Social Security Tax. 197

Medicare Tax. 198

Types of Tax Deposit Schedules. 199

The Form 941. 201

Chapter 19 - Closing the Books. 207

Journal Entries. 207

The Accruals Concept 207

Adjusting Entries. 208

Reversing Entries. 208

Common Adjusting Entries. 209

Closing Entries. 212

Prior Steps: Update Reserves. 213

Core Steps: Issue Customer and Donor Invoices. 213

Core Steps: Reconcile the Bank Statement 214

Core Steps: Calculate Depreciation. 216

Core Steps: Accounts Payable. 216

Core Steps: Review Journal Entries. 217

Core Steps: Reconcile Accounts. 217

Core Steps: Close Subsidiary Ledgers. 219

Core Steps: Create Financial Statements. 219

Core Steps: Review Financial Statements. 219

Core Steps: Accrue Tax Liabilities. 220

Core Steps: Close the Month. 220

Core Steps: Add Disclosures. 220

Core Steps: Issue Financial Statements. 221

Delayed Closing Steps: Issue Invoices. 221

Delayed Closing Steps: Closing Metrics. 221

Delayed Closing Steps: Document Future Closing Changes. 222

Delayed Closing Steps: Update Closing Procedures. 222

Chapter 20 - Nonprofit Budgeting. 225

The Revenue Budget 225

The Management and Administration Budget 227

The Fundraising Budget 228

Program and Grant Budgets. 229

The Compensation Budget 229

The Compensation Budget 229

Treatment of Hourly Pay and Overtime. 232

The Benefits Budget 232

Budget Recasting. 234

Budget Linkages. 234

Cash Forecasting. 235

The Short-Term Cash Forecast 235

The Medium-Term Cash Forecast 238

Chapter 21 - Accounting Controls. 241

The Proper Balance of Control Systems. 241

Control Principles. 243

Constructing a System of Controls. 244

Cash Controls. 245

Fixed Asset Controls. 247

Payables Controls. 250

Payroll Controls. 254

Chapter 22 - Nonprofit Policies. 260

General Accounting Policies. 260

Cash. 260

Fixed Assets. 260

Payables. 262

Payroll 263

Nonprofit-Specific Policies. 263

Donor Receipts. 263

Donated Assets. 264

Investments. 264

Operations. 264

Joint Ventures. 267

Lobbying and Political Campaigns. 267

Tax Filings. 267

Chapter 23 - Analysis of a Nonprofit's Financial Health. 269

The Auditor’s Report 269

Horizontal Analysis. 270

Vertical Analysis. 271

Expense Proportions Analysis. 273

Fundraising Effectiveness Ratio. 274

Revenue Concentration Analysis. 275

Traffic Light Revenue Analysis. 276

Traditional Ratio Analysis. 276

Current Ratio. 276

Quick Ratio. 277

Days Sales in Accounts Receivable. 278

Days Sales in Inventory. 279

Days Payables Outstanding. 279

Free Cash Flow.. 280

The Profitability Conundrum.. 281

Answers to Chapter Questions. 283

Glossary. 308

Index. 313

 

Final Examination………………………………………………………………………………………………….319