Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Overview of the Construction Industry. 1

Nature of the Construction Contractor. 2

Bonding Requirements. 3

The Bidding and Construction Process. 3

Types of Construction Contracts. 5

Fixed Fee Pricing. 5

Cost Plus Pricing. 5

Unit-Price Contract 6

Construction Contract Modifiers. 6

Contract Changes. 7

Construction Industry Failure Issues. 8

Review Questions. 10

Chapter 2 - The Construction Accounting System... 11

Nature of a Construction Accounting System.. 11

The Chart of Accounts. 13

The General Ledger. 19

The Work Breakdown Structure. 20

The Job Cost Ledger. 23

Job Cost Ledger Posting. 31

The Equipment Ledger. 32

Review Questions. 34

Chapter 3 - Construction-Specific Accounting. 35

Accounting Standard-Setting Organizations. 35

Types of Accounting Methodologies. 36

Cash Method of Accounting. 36

Accrual Method of Accounting. 36

Percentage of Completion Method. 37

Completed Contract Method. 39

Summary of Accounting Methodologies. 40

Unpriced Change Orders. 40

Contract Claims. 41

Contract Back Charges. 41

Costs Assigned to Jobs. 42

Labor Burden. 43

Equipment Cost Allocation. 43

Review Questions. 47

Chapter 4 - Construction Transactions. 48

Double Entry Accounting. 48

Journal Entries. 49

General Entries. 50

Office Rent Expense. 50

Other General Expenses. 52

Inventory Purchases. 54

Supplier Invoice Payments. 54

Client Cash Receipts. 54

Loan Acquisition. 55

Loan Payments. 56

Sale of Stock. 57

Entries Related to the Percentage of Completion. 57

Anticipated Losses on Contracts. 58

Job Costing Entries. 58

Invoice Charged to a Job. 59

Labor Charged to a Job. 60

Inventory Charged to a Job. 60

Client Billings. 60

Equipment Entries. 61

Equipment Rentals. 61

Equipment Repairs. 62

Equipment Charged to a Job. 62

Review Questions. 64

Chapter 5 - Construction Financial Statements. 65

The Balance Sheet 65

The Income Statement 67

The Statement of Cash Flows. 68

Financial Statement Disclosures. 71

Reporting Options. 73

Review Questions. 75

Chapter 6 - Fixed Asset Accounting. 76

What are Fixed Assets?. 76

Fixed Asset Classifications. 77

Accounting for Fixed Assets. 79

The Capitalization Limit 79

The Base Unit 80

The Initial Measurement of a Fixed Asset 81

The Purpose of Depreciation. 81

Depreciation Concepts. 82

Accelerated Depreciation. 83

Sum-of-the-Years’ Digits Method. 83

Double-Declining Balance Method. 84

Straight-Line Method. 85

Units of Activity Method. 86

MACRS Depreciation. 87

The Depreciation of Land. 89

The Depreciation of Land Improvements. 89

Depreciation Accounting Entries. 90

Accumulated Depreciation. 91

Asset Derecognition. 91

Abandoned Assets. 93

Asset Disposal Accounting. 93

Review Questions. 96

Chapter 7 - Payables Accounting. 97

Accounting for Accounts Payable. 97

Early Payment Discounts. 99

The Vendor Master File. 101

Vendor Master File Usage. 101

Supplier Naming Conventions. 102

The Payables Filing System.. 103

Government Reporting. 104

The Form 1099-MISC. 104

Treatment of Incorrect Filings. 106

The Form W-9. 107

Review Questions. 109

Chapter 8 - Debt Accounting. 110

Basic Debt Accounting. 110

The Amortization Schedule. 112

Reconciling the Debt Account 113

Participating Mortgage Loans. 113

Review Questions. 116

Chapter 9 - Contingencies. 117

Loss Contingencies. 117

Gain Contingencies. 118

Contingency Disclosures. 118

Review Questions. 120

Chapter 10 - Lease Accounting. 121

The Nature of a Lease. 121

Lease Types. 121

Initial Measurement 122

Short-Term Leases. 123

Finance Leases. 123

Operating Leases. 124

Derecognition. 125

Review Questions. 126

Chapter 11 - Payroll Accounting. 127

Employee Time Tracking. 127

Gross Pay Calculations. 128

Hourly Rate Plan. 128

Overtime. 129

Types of Payroll Taxes. 130

Social Security Tax. 131

Medicare Tax. 131

Unemployment Taxes. 132

Income Tax Withholdings. 133

Benefits and Other Deductions. 136

Net Pay. 136

Remitting Payroll Taxes. 137

Types of Tax Deposit Schedules. 137

Monthly Deposit Schedule. 138

Semiweekly Deposit Schedule. 139

Federal Unemployment Deposit Schedule. 140

Remittance Method. 140

The Form 941 Quarterly Federal Tax Return. 141

State Tax Remittances. 141

Payments to Employees. 142

The Payroll Register. 143

Form W-2. 145

Payroll Journal Entries. 146

Types of Payroll Journal Entries. 147

Primary Payroll Journal Entry. 147

Accrued Wages. 148

Manual Paycheck Entry. 149

Employee Advances. 150

Accrued Vacation Pay. 151

Tax Deposits. 152

Review Questions. 154

Chapter 12 - Investments in Construction Joint Ventures. 155

The Equity Method. 155

The Cost Method. 157

Consolidations. 158

Sales to a Joint Venture. 159

Review Questions. 161

Chapter 13 - Construction Tax Issues. 162

The Accounting Method to Use for Tax Reporting. 162

Application of the Cash Method. 163

Application of the Accrual Method. 164

Types of Costs. 166

Types of Accrual Methods. 167

Accrual Method. 167

Percentage of Completion Method. 168

Exempt Percentage of Completion Method. 168

Completed Contract Method. 170

Review Questions. 172

Chapter 14 - Construction Accounting Controls. 173

Segregation of Duties. 173

Asset Tracking. 174

Access to Data. 174

Controls for Estimates and Bids. 175

Controls for Cost Plus Pricing Arrangements. 175

Controls for Fixed Fee Pricing Arrangements. 176

Subcontractor Controls. 177

Materials Controls. 178

Labor Controls. 178

Equipment Controls. 179

Job Closure Controls. 179

Percentage of Completion Controls. 180

Change Order Controls. 181

Billing Controls. 181

Budget Controls. 182

Financing Controls. 182

General and Administrative Controls. 182

Construction Fraud. 183

Review Questions. 185

Chapter 15 - Job Analysis. 186

Projected Cost and Variance Analysis. 186

Adjusting for the Timing of Billings. 187

Earned Value Management 189

Schedule Performance Index. 190

Cost Performance Index. 191

Review Questions. 192

Chapter 16 - Business Structures. 193

Sole Proprietorship. 193

Partnership. 194

Corporation. 195

C Corporation. 195

S Corporation. 196

Limited Liability Company. 196

Review Questions. 198

Answers to Chapter Questions. 199

Glossary. 216

Index. 222

 

Final Examination………………………………………………………………………………………………….227