Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - The Nature of Inventory. 1

Types of Inventory. 1

Types of Inventory Demand. 2

The Reorder Point 2

Safety Stock. 3

Safety Time. 4

Economic Order Quantity. 4

Dependent Demand Reordering Systems. 5

Visual Reordering Systems. 6

Chapter 2 - Inventory Strategy. 9

Replenishment Strategy. 9

Fulfillment Strategy. 10

Customization Strategy. 11

Showrooming Strategy. 12

Startup Outsourcing Strategy. 12

Chapter 3 - Inventory Policies. 14

Receiving Policy. 14

Inventory Access Policy. 14

Batch Sizing Policy. 15

Production Run Size Policy. 15

Resource Maximization Policy. 15

Substitutions Policy. 16

Customer Service Policy. 16

Pricing Deals Policy. 16

Returns Policy. 17

Collections Take-Back Policy. 18

Chapter 4 - Materials Planning and Forecasting. 20

The Evils of Forecasting. 20

The Bullwhip Effect 21

Forecasting for Style Items. 21

Forecasting Service Parts. 22

Forecasting by Product Families. 23

Forecasting Segmentation. 23

Forecasting Collaboration. 24

Problems with the Sales Department Forecast 24

Forecasting with Customer Linkages. 24

Modeling of Materials Planning. 25

Inventory Management by Classification. 25

Product Substitution Options. 26

Supplier Lead Time Adjustment 27

Internal Lead Time Adjustment 27

Job Releases to Production. 28

Store Finished Goods at Pre-Configuration Level 28

Cost-Effective Inventory Reduction. 29

Reduction of Inventory Returns. 29

Consigned Inventory. 30

Elevate the Materials Manager Position. 31

Chapter 5 - Purchasing Activities. 34

Total Supplier Cost 34

Materials Sourcing Considerations. 35

Manual Purchasing. 36

Systems-Based Purchasing. 36

Spend Management 37

The Volume Purchase Discount Conundrum.. 39

The Auction Option. 40

Match Contract Length to Pricing Trends. 40

Streamlined Purchasing Approvals. 40

Purchase Order Shutdowns. 41

Supplier Delivery Arrangements. 42

Measure Suppliers. 43

Negative Effects of the Purchase Price Standard. 43

Chapter 6 - Inventory Receiving. 46

Touch Reduction. 46

Advance Shipping Notices. 46

Delay Low-Priority Receipts. 47

Minimize Travel Time with Dock Assignments. 47

Organize around Length of Delivery Time Slots. 47

Affix Labels at Receiving. 48

Initial Data Collection. 48

The Need for Receipts Inspection. 48

Repack at Receiving. 49

Route Goods Directly to Production. 49

Route Remaining Goods to Storage. 50

Time-Phase Shipping and Receiving. 51

Reverse Logistics. 51

Chapter 7 - Putaways and Picking. 54

Putaway and Picking Equipment 54

Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems. 56

Automated Storage and Retrieval Vehicles. 57

The Impact of Mechanization. 57

Putaways. 58

Reslotting. 60

Picking. 60

Single Order Picking Tours. 60

Pick to Shipping Container 61

Single Line Picking Tours. 61

Batch Picking Tours. 61

Dedicated C Level Picking Tours. 61

Wave Picking. 62

Forward Picking. 62

Zone Picking. 62

Field Picking. 64

Picking by Experience Level 64

Additional Picking Efficiencies. 64

Separate Forward-Area Picking. 64

Carousel Picking Pods. 65

Robots Move Mobile Shelves to Pickers. 65

Prepackage Goods in Picking Increments. 65

Picking with Scales. 66

WMS-Directed Picking Issues. 66

The Cost of Picking Errors. 66

Kitting. 67

Replenishment 68

The Simultaneous Replenishment and Picking Conundrum.. 68

Interleaving. 69

Chapter 8 - The Impact of Production on Inventory. 72

The Produce to Forecast (Push) System.. 72

The Produce to Order (Pull) System.. 73

Organize the Factory around Products. 74

Fast Equipment Changeovers. 74

Kanban Notifications. 75

Achieve First-Pass Quality. 76

Enhance Feedback Loop to Suppliers. 76

Move Cells Closer Together. 76

Inventory In-Process Identification. 77

Reduce In-Process Container Sizes. 77

Locate Cells near Common Inventory. 77

Purchase Less-Complex Machinery. 78

Manage Inventory around the Bottleneck. 78

Adjust Batch Sizes. 80

Shorten the Production Line. 81

Segment the Production Line. 82

Process Control 82

Assign Parts to the Same Machine. 83

Unscheduled Downtime Avoidance. 83

Mistake Management 84

Eliminate Causes of Rework. 85

Expediting. 85

Delay Final Assembly. 86

Move Production to Raw Materials. 86

Human Resources Issues. 86

Chapter 9 - Inventory Shipping. 89

Match Production to Full Truckload Requirements. 89

Shipping Container Considerations. 89

Pallet and Case Load Planning. 90

Container Load Planning. 90

Dunnage Usage for In-Transit Inventory Protection. 91

Shipping Data Automation. 91

Frequent Delivery Service. 91

Transportation Management Systems. 91

Track Shipper Performance. 92

Chapter 10 - Obsolete Inventory. 94

Obsolete Inventory Identification. 94

Obsolete Inventory Disposal 95

Obsolete Inventory Prevention. 96

NCNR Inventory Reduction. 97

Chapter 11 - Product Development 100

Minimize the Number of Parts Used. 100

Eliminate Identical Parts. 100

Design for Broad Tolerance. 101

Match Materials Quality to Design Specifications. 101

Design for Assembly. 102

Design around Limited Availability Components. 102

Design around Lifetime Buy Decisions. 102

Advance Material Purchase Issues. 102

Expand the Design Team.. 103

Include Suppliers in the Design Process. 103

Review the Bill of Materials. 104

Use a BOM Temporary Substitution Procedure. 105

Review Inventory Returns and Shortages. 106

The Customer Complaint Feedback Loop. 106

Review and Approve Engineering Change Orders. 107

Reduce the Number of Products. 107

Customer Termination Considerations. 107

Reduce Product Options. 108

Chapter 12 - Inventory Record Accuracy. 110

Inventory Record Errors. 110

Environmental Factors Impacting Record Accuracy. 111

Employee Factors Impacting Record Accuracy. 112

Labeling Issues Impacting Record Accuracy. 112

Inventory Naming Conventions Impacting Record Accuracy. 113

Excessive Data Recordation. 114

Inventory Data Collection Methods. 114

The Data Entry Backlog Problem.. 116

Backflushing. 117

Controls over Record Accuracy. 118

Inventory Review Reports. 119

The Negative Inventory Balance. 119

Inventory Auditing. 120

The Corrective Action System.. 120

Chapter 13 - Inventory Counting and Reconciliation. 123

The Periodic Inventory System.. 123

The Perpetual Inventory System.. 124

How to Set Up Inventory Record Keeping. 125

The Physical Inventory Count 125

Concerns about the Physical Inventory Count 127

Physical Count Improvements. 127

Cycle Counting. 128

Control Group Analysis. 131

100% Count Analysis. 131

Inventory Reconciliation. 132

Chapter 14 - The Supply Chain. 136

Sole Source Inventory Purchases. 136

Supplier Assessment 137

Enhanced Supplier Relations. 137

Foreign Sourcing Considerations. 138

The Lead Supplier. 139

The Stable Production Schedule. 139

Automatic Supplier Replenishment 140

The Total Inventory Concept 140

Downstream Postponement 141

Supply Chain Buffer Stock Reduction. 142

Reduce Supplier Delivery Times. 142

Aggregate Deliveries with Freight Forwarders. 143

Suppliers Own On-Site Inventory. 143

Suppliers Pre-Configure Goods. 144

Reserve Supplier Capacity. 144

Vertical Integration. 144

Supply Chain Cooperation. 145

Supply Chain Configuration Issues. 145

Supply Chain Disruption. 146

Chapter 15 - Warehousing Efficiencies. 150

The Cost of Inventory Storage. 150

The Cost of Travel Time. 152

Cross Docking. 153

Flow-Through Warehousing. 153

Flow-Through Warehouse Designs. 153

Flow-Through Warehouse Equipment 154

When to Use Flow-Through. 154

Storage by Fixed Location. 155

Warehouse within a Warehouse. 155

Warehouse by Customer 155

Warehouse by Distribution Channel 156

Warehouse by Product Family. 156

Warehouse by Season. 157

Warehouse by Pallet and Case. 157

Warehouse by Order Completion Zone. 158

Storage by ABC Classification. 158

Storage Based on the Putaway to Picking Ratio. 159

Efficiencies within Storage Racks. 159

Accessibility of Storage Bins. 159

Co-Locate Correlated Items. 159

Size Picking Bins to Store Sufficient Quantities. 160

Aggregate Storage Locations. 160

Size Cartons to Customer Order Sizes. 160

Use Standard Containers to Store Inventory. 161

Drop Shipping. 161

Eliminate Informal Storage. 162

Store Inventory at Production. 162

Design Storage for Less than Peak Demand. 163

Warehouse Management System.. 164

Distribution Requirements Planning. 165

Fair Shares Analysis. 166

Ship Overnight from a Single Location. 166

Retain Low-Turnover Inventory at Warehouse Level 167

Combine Warehouse Missions. 167

Adjust the Warehouse Network. 168

Ship from Stores. 168

Chapter 16 - Warehouse Storage Systems. 171

Inventory Storage Characteristics. 171

Storage Systems. 172

Beam Height 175

Honeycombing Effects. 175

Automated Dispensing Units. 176

Carousels. 176

The Pallet 177

Pallet Loading. 178

Liquid Storage. 178

Chapter 17 - The Warehouse Layout 181

Planning the Warehouse Layout 181

Sizing the Receiving Area. 183

Sizing the Inspection Area. 183

Sizing and Locating Dock Doors. 184

Treatment of Aisles. 184

Treatment of Building Supports. 185

Warehouse Security. 185

Warehouse Sizing Considerations. 185

Considerations for Acquiring Warehouse Space. 186

Chapter 18 - Inventory Measurements. 188

Overview of Inventory Measurements. 188

Average Inventory Calculation. 188

Inventory Turnover Measurements. 190

Inventory Turnover Ratio. 190

Raw Materials Turnover 190

Work-in-Process Turnover 191

Finished Goods Turnover 192

Inventory Accuracy Percentage. 193

Excess Inventory Measurements. 194

Obsolete Inventory Percentage. 194

Percent of Inventory Greater than XX Days. 195

Returnable Inventory Valuation. 196

Opportunity Cost of Excess Inventory. 197

Honeycombing Percentage. 198

Answers to Chapter Questions. 201

Glossary. 228

Index. 231

 

Final Examination236