Table of Contents

Course Learning Objectives. v

Chapter 1 The What and Why of Budgeting. 1

Learning Objectives. 1

Planning. 4

Types of Budgets. 4

Master Budget 4

Operating and Financial Budgets. 4

Cash Budget 5

Static (Fixed) Budget 5

Flexible (Expense) Budget 5

Capital Expenditure Budget 6

Program Budget 6

Incremental Budget 6

Add-On Budget 7

Supplemental Budget 7

Bracket Budget 7

Stretch Budget 7

Strategic Budget 7

Activity-Based Budget 7

Target Budget 7

Rolling Budget 8

Budgetary Process. 8

Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down. 9

Budget Coordination. 11

Departmental Budgeting. 11

Actual Costs vs. Budget Costs. 12

Budget Revision. 13

Budget Weaknesses. 13

Budgetary Control and Audit 14

Motivation. 15

Advantages and Disadvantages of Budgets. 16

Conclusion. 17

Chapter 1 Review Questions. 18

Click here to see Answers to Review Questions at end of EBook. 19

Chapter 2 Strategic Planning and Budgeting and Planning for Profit 20

Learning Objectives. 20

Budgeting. 22

Strategic Planning. 24

Short-Term Plans. 25

Long-Term Plans. 26

Time Period. 26

Profit Planning: Targeting and Reaching Achievable Goals. 27

Goal Congruence. 29

Profit Targets. 29

Objectives In The Profit Plan. 29

Role of Managers. 30

Assumptions. 31

Alternatives. 32

Responsibility. 33

Participation. 33

Coordination. 34

Scheduling. 34

Problems. 34

Control, Evaluation, and Analysis. 35

Internal Controls. 36

"Real - Life" Illustrations In Profit Planning. 36

Conclusion. 38

Chapter 2 Review Questions. 39

Chapter 3 Administering the Budget: Reports, Analyses, and Evaluations. 40

Learning Objectives. 40

Administering the Plan. 40

Profit Plan. 40

Operational Plan. 41

Development Plan. 41

Contingency Planning. 41

Activity-Based Budget 41

Budget Process. 42

Departmental Budgets. 42

Budget Accuracy. 42

Budget Revision. 43

Performance Measures. 43

Control and Analysis. 43

Types of Reports. 43

Budget Manual 45

Budget Sheet 47

Performance Reports. 48

Budget Audit 49

Budget Calendar. 49

Chapter 3 Review Questions. 52

Chapter 4 Cost Behavior: Emphasis On Flexible Budgets and Contribution Margin. 53

Learning Objectives. 53

Costs By Behavior. 53

Analysis of Mixed (Semi-Variable) Costs. 54

Relevant Range. 54

The High-Low Method. 55

Regression Analysis. 56

Fixed Budgets Versus Flexible Budgets and Performance Reports. 57

Direct Labor and Variable Overhead. 61

The Contribution Income Statement 62

Conclusion. 63

Chapter 4 Review Questions. 64

Chapter 5 Responsibility Accounting and Reporting To Management 65

Learning Objectives. 65

Responsibility Accounting and Responsibility Center. 65

Cost Center Control 68

Prerequisites of Cost Control 68

Responsibility and Conventional Accounting Compared. 68

Cost Controllability. 69

Organization Structure. 69

Operation of Responsibility Accounting System.. 70

Human Relations In Responsibility Accounting. 72

Reporting Under Responsibility Accounting. 72

Essentials of Good Reporting. 73

Fixing Responsibility. 74

Service Department Costs. 76

Conclusion. 76

Chapter 5 Review Questions. 78

Chapter 6 Master Budget: Genesis of Forecasting and Profit Planning. 79

Learning Objectives. 79

Master (Comprehensive) Budgeting Illustrated. 80

Sales Budget 82

Production Budget 83

Units. 84

Materials Requirement Budget 84

Direct Labor Budget 85

Factory Overhead Costs Budget 85

Selling and Administrative Expenses Budget 86

Cash Receipts Budget 87

Cash Disbursements Budget 88

Budgeted Cash Balances. 90

Bank Loans. 90

Budgeted Income Statements. 91

Conclusion. 91

Chapter 6 Review Questions. 93

Chapter 7 Using Variance Analysis to Evaluate Performance. 94

Learning Objectives. 94

Defining A Standard. 95

The Usefulness of Variance Analysis. 95

Setting Standards. 96

Determining and Evaluating Sales Variances. 96

Cost Variances. 98

Material's Variances. 98

Labor Variances. 100

Overhead Variances. 102

The Use of Flexible Budgets in Performance Reports. 104

Standards and Variances In Marketing. 105

Sales Standards. 105

Analyzing Salesperson Variances. 106

Appraisal of Marketing Department 107

Illustrative Marketing Performance Reports. 108

Variances In Administrative Expenses. 109

Variances In Warehousing Costs. 110

Nonmanufacturing (Service) Activities. 110

An Illustrative Variance Analysis Report For A Service Business. 111

Capital Expenditures. 111

Variance Analysis Reports. 111

Conclusion. 112

Chapter 7 Review Questions. 114

Chapter 8 Budgeting Sales Forecasts, and the Sales and Marketing Budget 116

Learning Objectives. 116

Sales Planning and Forecasting. 116

Sales Forecasts. 117

Sales Budget 118

The Marketing Budget 118

Marketing Budgets. 120

Selling Expenses. 120

Advertising and Sales Promotion. 123

Distribution Costs. 128

Analysis and Evaluation of Distribution Costs. 129

Packaging. 130

Travel and Entertainment 130

Budget Meetings. 130

Conclusion. 130

Chapter 8 Review Questions. 132

Chapter 9 Budgeting Manufacturing Costs. 133

Learning Objectives. 133

Illustration. 134

The Sales Budget 134

The Production Budget 135

The Direct Material Budget 135

The Direct Labor Budget 136

The Factory Overhead Budget 136

Planning and Control of Material Purchases and Usage. 137

Materials Budgets. 137

Budgeting Individual Items of Material 137

Budget Based On Production Factors. 138

Materials Purchase Budget Illustrated. 138

Planning and Control of Direct Labor. 141

Direct Labor Budget 141

Labor Reports. 143

Fringe Benefits. 144

Labor Cost Control and Analysis. 144

Planning and Control of Factory Overhead. 145

Types of Overhead Costs. 145

Allocation. 148

Total Cost Management 148

Static Versus Flexible Budget 148

Control and Analysis. 151

Conclusion. 151

Chapter 9 Review Questions. 152

Chapter 10 Budgeting General and Administrative Expenses and R&D Costs. 153

Learning Objectives. 153

Administrative Departments. 154

Budgeting Process. 155

Cost Classification. 156

Compensation Arrangements. 156

Contributions. 156

Financial Expenses. 156

Other Expenses. 157

Employees. 157

Control and Analysis. 157

Budgeting for Research and Development Costs. 158

R&D Costs. 158

Funding Level 159

R&D Budget 160

Analysis and Evaluation. 162

Control Over R&D.. 163

R&D Risk. 164

Coordination. 164

Budgeting for Capital Expenditures. 164

The Budget Process. 166

Authorization of Capital Budget 167

Capital Budget Forms. 170

Capital Budget 172

Capital Expenditure Reports. 173

Budget Revisions. 174

Special Projects. 174

Analysis of Capital Projects. 175

Conclusion. 175

Chapter 10 Review Questions. 176

Chapter 11 Cash Flow Forecasting and Budgeting. 177

Learning Objectives. 177

Account Analysis. 177

Total cash receipts. 178

The Cash Budget 179

Cash Variance Analysis. 181

Cash Flow Software. 182

Spreadsheets. 183

Construction of a Rolling Budget 185

Budgeting Software. 188

Budgeting and Planning Software and E-Budgeting. 189

Conclusion. 190

Chapter 11 Review Questions. 191

Chapter 12 Zero-Base Budgeting: Priority Budgeting for Best Resource Allocation. 192

Learning Objectives. 192

The Zero-Base Budgeting Process. 192

Decision Packages. 194

Ranking Proposals. 195

Project (Program) Budgets. 197

Conclusion. 198

Chapter 12 Review Questions. 199

Chapter 13 Budgeting for Service Businesses and Nonprofit Organizations. 200

Learning Objectives. 200

Service Organizations. 200

Airlines. 202

Hotels. 202

Nonprofit Organizations. 205

Planning. 206

Funds. 207

Recordkeeping and Reporting. 208

Government Budgets and Accounting Bases. 209

Government Recordkeeping for Budget Accountability. 210

Government Interfund Transactions. 210

Capital and Operating Budgets. 211

Budget Development 211

Budgeting Revenue. 212

Expenditures. 213

Encumbrances. 213

Budgetary Control 214

Variances. 215

Effectiveness and Control Measures. 215

Organization Structure. 215

Functional or Program Reporting. 217

Budget Adaptability. 217

Budget Participants. 217

Voluntary Hospitals. 218

Colleges and Universities. 218

Professional Associations. 221

Conclusion. 222

Chapter 13 Review Questions. 223

Review Question Feedback. 224

Chapter 1 Review Questions Feedback. 224

Chapter 2 Review Questions Feedback. 228

Chapter 3 Review Questions Feedback. 230

Chapter 4 Review Questions Feedback. 232

Chapter 5 Review Questions Feedback. 235

Chapter 6 Review Questions Feedback. 237

Chapter 7 Review Questions Feedback. 239

Chapter 8 Review Questions Feedback. 243

Chapter 9 Review Questions Feedback. 244

Chapter 10 Review Questions Feedback. 246

Chapter 11 Review Questions Feedback. 247

Chapter 12 Review Questions Feedback. 249

Chapter 13 Review Questions Feedback. 250

Glossary. 252

Index. 260

CPE Exam Answer Sheet 261

Final Examination. 263

CPASelfstudy.com Course Evaluation. 273