Table of Contents

Chapter 1 – The Role of the Accountant 1

The Accountancy Concept 1

Financial and Managerial Accounting. 3

Types of Accountants. 4

Responsibilities of the Accounting Department 5

Organizational Structure of the Accounting Department 7

Chapter 2 – The Chart of Accounts. 11

Overview of the Chart of Accounts. 11

The Three-Digit Chart of Accounts. 12

The Five-Digit Chart of Accounts. 14

The Seven-Digit Chart of Accounts. 16

Chart of Accounts Reduction. 19

Alphanumeric Account Coding. 20

Chapter 3 - The General Ledger and Trial Balance. 23

The Ledger Concept 23

General Ledger Overview.. 24

The Accounts Receivable Ledger. 25

The Purchase Ledger. 26

Overview of the Trial Balance. 27

The Trial Balance Format 27

The Extended Trial Balance. 29

Trial Balance Error Correction. 30

The Post-Closing Trial Balance. 30

Evaluation of the Trial Balance. 31

Chapter 4 - Accounting Procedures. 34

The Nature of a Procedure. 34

The Need for Procedures. 34

The Number of Procedures to Develop. 35

The Mechanics of Procedure Production. 36

Procedure Design Tips. 38

Dissemination of Procedures. 39

Procedural Updates. 40

Enforcement of Procedures. 41

Deviations from Procedures. 42

Presented Procedures. 42

The Credit Examination Procedure (Manual System) 42

The Shipping Procedure (Manual System) 46

The Billing Procedure. 50

The Check Receipts Processing Procedure. 53

The Purchasing Procedure. 57

The Supplier Invoice Processing Procedure (Manual System) 59

The Check Payment Issuance Procedure. 63

Chapter 5 – Accounting for Receivables. 68

Accounting for Billings. 68

Accounting for Sales Taxes. 69

Accounting for Use Taxes. 70

The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. 71

Notes Receivable. 74

Acquisition, Development, and Construction Arrangements. 75

Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. 77

Receivables Presentation. 79

Receivables Disclosures. 80

Chapter 6 - Accounting for Investments. 86

Overview of Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. 86

Accounting for Investments. 86

Impairment of Investments. 87

Restricted Stock. 89

Dividend and Interest Income. 89

The Equity Method. 89

Investment Disclosures. 91

Chapter 7 – Accounting for Inventory. 96

Overview of Inventory. 96

The Periodic Inventory System.. 98

The Perpetual Inventory System.. 99

Inventory Costing. 100

The First In, First Out Method. 100

The Last In, First Out Method. 101

The Weighted Average Method. 103

Standard Costing. 104

The Retail Inventory Method. 105

The Gross Profit Method. 106

Overhead Allocation. 107

The Lower of Cost or Market Rule. 110

Work in Process Accounting. 111

Accounting for Obsolete Inventory. 112

Consignment Accounting. 113

Goods in Transit 114

Inventory Disclosures. 115

Chapter 8 – Accounting for Property, Plant, and Equipment 117

Overview of Fixed Assets. 117

Initial Fixed Asset Recognition. 118

Fixed Assets Acquired through a Business Combination. 119

Nonmonetary Exchanges. 119

Depreciation and Amortization. 123

Straight-Line Method. 124

Sum-of-the-Years’ Digits Method. 125

Double-Declining Balance Method. 126

Depletion Method. 127

Units of Production Method. 128

Land Depreciation. 129

Land Improvement Depreciation. 129

Depreciation Accounting Entries. 130

Fixed Asset Impairment 132

Fixed Asset Disposal 134

Assets Held for Sale. 134

Abandoned Assets. 138

Idle Assets. 138

Fixed Asset Disposal Accounting. 139

Fixed Asset Disclosures. 140

General Fixed Asset Disclosures. 140

Change in Estimate Disclosures. 141

Intangible Asset Impairment Disclosures. 141

Intangible Asset Disclosures. 142

Chapter 9 – Accounting for Intangibles. 145

Goodwill 145

General Intangibles Other than Goodwill 148

Internal-Use Software. 150

Website Development Costs. 152

Intangibles Disclosures. 152

Chapter 10 – Accounting for Equity. 157

Overview of Equity. 157

The Sale of Stock. 157

Dividend Payments. 158

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits. 158

Stock Dividend. 159

Stock Split 159

Treasury Stock. 160

Purchase of Treasury Stock. 160

Resale of Treasury Stock. 160

Cost Method. 161

Constructive Retirement Method. 161

Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. 162

Initial Recognition. 162

Spinoffs and Reverse Spinoffs. 164

Equity Disclosures. 165

Rights and Privileges. 165

Preferred Stock. 165

Contingently Convertible Securities. 165

Redeemable Securities. 166

Treasury Stock. 166

Changes in Shareholders’ Equity. 166

Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. 166

Chapter 11 - Revenue Recognition. 169

Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. 169

The Nature of a Customer. 169

Steps in Revenue Recognition. 170

Step One: Link Contract to Customer. 170

Step Two: Note Performance Obligations. 172

Step Three: Determine Prices. 174

Variable Consideration. 175

Possibility of Reversal 176

Time Value of Money. 178

Noncash Consideration. 180

Payments to Customers. 180

Refund Liabilities. 181

Step Four: Allocate Prices to Obligations. 181

Allocation of Price Discounts. 183

Allocation of Variable Consideration. 184

Subsequent Price Changes. 184

Step Five: Recognize Revenue. 185

Measurement of Progress Completion. 187

Output Methods. 187

Input Methods. 188

Change in Estimate. 189

Progress Measurement 189

Right of Return. 189

Consistency. 190

Contract Modifications. 190

Treatment as Separate Contract 190

Treatment as Continuing Contract 191

Entitlement to Payment 193

Bill-and-Hold Arrangements. 194

Consideration Received from a Supplier. 195

Customer Acceptance. 196

Customer Options for Additional Purchases. 197

Licensing. 199

Nonrefundable Upfront Fees. 200

Principal versus Agent 201

Repurchase Agreements. 202

Unexercised Rights of Customers. 204

Warranties. 204

Contract-Related Costs. 205

Costs to Obtain a Contract 205

Costs to Fulfill a Contract 206

Amortization of Costs. 207

Impairment of Costs. 207

Exclusions. 207

Revenue Disclosures. 208

Chapter 12 - Accounting for Payroll 214

The Chart of Accounts. 214

Types of Payroll Journal Entries. 215

Primary Payroll Journal Entry. 216

Accrued Wages. 217

Accrued Bonuses. 218

Accrued Commissions. 219

Benefit Payments. 219

Accrued Benefits. 220

Stock Subscriptions. 221

Manual Paycheck Entry. 222

Employee Advances. 222

Accrued Vacation Pay. 223

Tax Deposits. 224

Payroll Information in the Financial Statements - Wages. 224

Payroll Information in the Financial Statements – Payroll Taxes. 225

Chapter 13 – Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. 228

Overview of Stock Compensation. 228

The Volatility Concept 232

Fair Value Calculation Alternatives. 232

Awards Classified as Equity. 234

Award Measurement Problems. 234

Contingent Features. 234

Award Modifications. 234

Income Tax Effects. 235

Awards Classified as Liabilities. 236

Employee Share Purchase Plans. 237

Stock-Based Compensation Disclosures. 238

Chapter 14 – Accounting for Income Taxes. 242

Overview of Income Taxes. 242

Accounting for Income Taxes. 244

Tax Positions. 244

Deferred Tax Expense. 245

Applicable Tax Rate. 246

Interest and Penalties. 246

Intraperiod Tax Allocation. 247

Taxes Related to Undistributed Earnings. 247

Interim Reporting. 248

Income Taxes Presentation. 250

Income Taxes Disclosure. 251

Balance Sheet 251

Income Statement 251

Other 252

Chapter 15 – Accounting for Business Combinations. 255

Overview of Business Combinations. 255

Identifiable Assets and Liabilities, and Noncontrolling Interests. 257

Goodwill or Gain from Bargain Purchase. 259

Goodwill Calculation. 259

Bargain Purchase. 259

Reverse Acquisitions. 260

Related Issues. 262

Acquisition of Assets. 262

Transactions between Entities under Control of Same Parent 262

Pushdown Accounting. 263

Income Taxes. 263

Business Combination Disclosures. 264

General Disclosures. 264

Identifiable Assets and Liabilities, and any Noncontrolling Interest 265

Goodwill or Gain from Bargain Purchase. 266

Reverse Acquisitions. 266

Transactions between Entities under Control of Same Parent 267

Income Taxes. 267

Chapter 16 - Foreign Currency Matters. 270

Foreign Currency Transactions. 270

Financial Statement Translation. 271

Determination of Functional Currency. 271

Translation of Financial Statements. 273

Use of Average Exchange Rates. 275

Hyperinflationary Effects. 275

Derecognition of a Foreign Entity Investment 275

Foreign Currency Disclosures. 276

Chapter 17 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. 278

Changes in Accounting Principle. 278

Changes in Accounting Estimate. 279

Changes in Reporting Entity. 279

Correction of an Error in Previously Issued Financial Statements. 279

Corrections Related to Prior Interim Periods. 280

The Materiality of an Error. 280

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections Disclosures. 280

Change in Accounting Principle. 280

Change in Accounting Estimate. 281

Change in Reporting Entity. 281

Error Corrections. 281

Historical Summaries. 281

Chapter 18 - Closing the Books. 285

Prior Steps: Update Reserves. 285

Core Steps: Issue Customer Invoices. 286

Core Steps: Value Inventory. 288

Core Steps: Calculate Depreciation. 290

Core Steps: Create Accruals. 292

Core Steps: Consolidate Division Results. 293

Core Steps: Eliminate Intercompany Transactions. 293

Core Steps: Review Journal Entries. 294

Core Steps: Reconcile Accounts. 294

Core Steps: Close Subsidiary Ledgers. 296

Core Steps: Create Financial Statements. 296

Core Steps: Review Financial Statements. 296

Core Steps: Accrue Tax Liabilities. 297

Core Steps: Close the Month. 297

Core Steps: Add Disclosures. 297

Core Steps: Write Cover Letter. 298

Core Steps: Issue Financial Statements. 299

Delayed Steps: Issue Customer Invoices. 299

Delayed Steps: Closing Metrics. 299

Delayed Steps: Document Future Closing Changes. 300

Delayed Steps: Update Closing Procedures. 300

Chapter 19 - The Financial Statements. 303

The Income Statement 303

Income Statement Overview.. 303

The Single-Step Income Statement 306

The Multi-Step Income Statement 306

The Condensed Income Statement 307

The Contribution Margin Income Statement 308

The Multi-Period Income Statement 309

How to Construct the Income Statement 310

The Balance Sheet 311

Overview of the Balance Sheet 311

The Common Size Balance Sheet 314

The Comparative Balance Sheet 316

How to Construct the Balance Sheet 317

The Statement of Cash Flows. 319

Overview of the Statement of Cash Flows. 319

The Direct Method. 319

The Indirect Method. 321

How to Prepare the Statement of Cash Flows. 322

The Statement of Retained Earnings. 325

Overview of the Statement of Retained Earnings. 325

How to Prepare the Statement of Retained Earnings. 326

Chapter 20 - Public Company Financial Reporting. 329

Interim Reporting. 329

The Integral View.. 329

The Discrete View.. 330

Comparison of the Integral and Discrete Views. 330

Interim Reporting Issues. 331

Segment Reporting. 331

Primary Segment Reporting Issues. 331

The Segment Report 333

Earnings per Share. 334

Basic Earnings per Share. 334

Diluted Earnings per Share. 336

Presentation of Earnings per Share. 339

The Public Company Closing Process. 339

The Form 10-Q.. 340

The Form 10-K.. 342

Chapter 21 - Management Reports. 346

The Duration of a Report 346

Responsibility Reporting. 346

The Flash Report 347

Expense Reporting. 348

Margin Reporting. 350

Variance Reporting. 352

The Purchase Price Variance. 353

Material Yield Variance. 354

Labor Rate Variance. 355

Labor Efficiency Variance. 355

Variable Overhead Spending Variance. 356

Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance. 357

Fixed Overhead Spending Variance. 357

Selling Price Variance. 358

Sales Volume Variance. 359

Problems with Variance Analysis. 360

Which Variances to Report 360

How to Report Variances. 361

Chapter 22 - Cash Receipts Management 364

Check Receipts. 364

Check Receipt Improvements. 365

The Bank Lockbox. 365

Automatic Cash Application. 367

Mailstop Number 367

Remote Deposit Capture. 368

Cash Receipts. 368

Cash Receipts Improvements. 369

Credit Card Receipts. 370

Credit Card Receipt Improvements. 370

Enter Information in On-line Form Immediately. 370

On-line Payment Apps. 371

Debit Cards. 371

Chapter 23 - Collection Tactics. 373

Overview of Collection Tactics. 373

Collection Tactics. 374

Courtesy Calls. 374

Grace Period Reduction. 375

Dunning Letters. 375

Check Payment by Fax or E-mail 376

Pay Undisputed Line Items. 377

Confirm Payment Date. 377

Take Back Merchandise. 377

Hold Orders. 378

ACH Debits. 378

Split Payments. 378

Postdated Checks. 379

Interest and Penalties. 379

Promissory Note. 379

Salesperson Assistance. 380

COD Roll 380

Barter 380

Arbitration. 381

Attorney Letters. 381

Final Demand Letter 381

Issue Small Claims Court Complaint 382

The Collection Reputation. 382

Credit Repayments. 382

The Collection Call 383

Preparation. 383

Scheduling. 383

Phone Skills. 383

Escalation. 384

Documentation. 384

Collect in Person. 384

Chapter 24 - Payroll Management 387

Payroll Cycle Duration. 387

Streamlined Timekeeping. 389

Electronic Payments. 390

Employee Self-Service. 390

Manager Self-Service. 391

Transaction Error Analysis. 391

Staff Training Program.. 392

The Payroll Calendar. 393

Information Confidentiality. 394

Chapter 25 - Budgeting. 397

The System of Budgets. 397

The Reasons for Budget Iterations. 400

Overview of the Revenue Budget 400

The Ending Finished Goods Inventory Budget 403

The Production Budget 405

Production Budgeting for Multiple Products. 407

The Direct Materials Budget (Roll up Method) 408

The Direct Materials Budget (Historical Method) 409

The Direct Labor Budget 411

The Manufacturing Overhead Budget 411

The Sales and Marketing Budget 413

Diminishing Returns Analysis. 415

The Research and Development Budget 415

The Administration Budget 417

The Compensation Budget 419

The Budgeted Income Statement 422

The Budgeted Balance Sheet 423

Accounts Receivable. 424

Inventory. 425

Fixed Assets. 426

Accounts Payable. 427

Additional Estimation Elements. 428

The Cash Line Item... 429

The Financing Budget 430

The Compiled Balance Sheet 431

Chapter 26 - Capital Budgeting. 435

Overview of Capital Budgeting. 435

Bottleneck Analysis. 436

Net Present Value Analysis. 436

The Payback Method. 438

Capital Budget Proposal Analysis. 439

The Outsourcing Decision. 440

The Capital Budgeting Application Form.. 441

The Post Installation Review.. 444

The Lease versus Buy Decision. 445

Chapter 27 - Business Ratios. 448

What to Measure. 448

Measurement Consistency. 449

Measurement Timing. 449

Deflated Profit Growth. 450

Sales per Person. 450

Deflated Profit Growth. 451

Profit per Person. 452

Core Earnings Ratio. 453

Breakeven Point 454

Margin of Safety. 455

Current Ratio. 456

Quick Ratio. 457

Working Capital Productivity. 457

Debt to Equity Ratio. 458

Interest Coverage Ratio. 459

Cost per Square Foot 460

Occupancy Cost Ratio. 461

Return on Equity. 461

Days Sales Outstanding. 464

Best Possible DSO.. 465

Collection Effectiveness Index. 465

Inventory Turnover Measurements. 466

Sales Productivity. 467

Sales Backlog Ratio. 468

Customer Turnover. 469

Chapter 28 - Cost Object Analysis. 472

Factors in Cost Object Analysis. 472

The Assignability of Costs. 473

The Customer Cost Object 474

Customer Acquisition Costs. 475

Customer Lifetime Value. 476

The Employee Cost Object 477

The Product Cost Object 478

The Product Line Cost Object 480

The Sales Channel Cost Object 481

Cost Object Termination Issues. 481

Which Cost Objects to Track. 482

Answers to Chapter Questions. 485

Glossary. 541

Index. 547

 

Final Examination………………………………………………………………………………………556